Liquid crystal is a soft substance that lies between the liquid and crystalline (solid) states, possessing both the fluidity of liquids and the optical anisotropy of crystals. The molecular arrangement in liquid crystal state exhibits positional disorder, but there is still one-dimensional or two-dimensional long-range ordering in orientation.
The various states of matter are based on a certain temperature range, and liquid crystals are no exception: liquid crystals are generally in a white plastic like crystalline state at a low temperature of around -50 ° C; As the temperature increases, it gradually becomes soft and appears as a transparent oily viscous fluid state. Near room temperature, the viscosity becomes smaller. In a sugar water state, when the temperature rises to a certain extent, the liquid crystal will melt into an isotropic liquid. If it continues to rise to around 100 ° C, the liquid crystal becomes a transparent liquid, and the temperature at which it becomes transparent is called the clear point of the liquid crystal.
The vast majority of liquid crystal molecules are rod-shaped or strip-shaped, with a slender molecular structure and a central region consisting of two or three rings forming the molecular nucleus. Rings are directly connected to each other or connected by a central group. The two ends of the molecule are composed of terminal groups X and Y, and the groups at both ends are generally different.
The central region of liquid crystal molecules has a certain degree of rigidity, and the existence of this rigid structure determines that liquid crystal molecules exhibit a linear structure, while allowing liquid crystals to arrange themselves in a mutually regular manner like crystals.
The terminal groups of liquid crystal molecules have a certain degree of flexibility and play a major role in the dielectric, optical, and other anisotropic properties of liquid crystal materials. At the same time, the existence of this flexible structure determines that liquid crystal molecules have permanent or induced dipole moments, and also allows liquid crystals to move freely like liquids.
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